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Hwaseong Fortress, Culmination of Korean Fortress Architecture
Hwaseong, or Brilliant Fortress,is a fortress city in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do. King Jeongjo (r. 1776-1800) ordered the construction of the city near the tomb of his father, Crown Prince Sado, after relocating the tomb to one of the most auspicious sites in the country in an effort to restore the honor of his father who had died unjustifiably. By constructing the city, King Jeongjo also intended to restore national power and royal authority, which had been weakened by factional strife.
Jeong Yak-yong (pen name Dasan), a young intellectual who would later lead the silhak (pragmatic studies) school, played an important role in constructing the fortress. He suggested using bricks instead of granite, as the then-popular method of building a fortress with granite required a large labor force. Once the king granted permission, Jeong contrived a device called geojunggi, a sort of hoist, based on the working principles of a pulley. In constructing Hwaseong Fortress, he incorporated all the elements of Korean fortress architecture such as semi-circular bastion walls, main and secret gates, flying towers, fortress body, square bastions, protruding battlements, casemates and beacontowers. Hence the fortress is described as the ?ulmination of Korean fortress architecture.
The fortress walls extend to as long as 5.4 kilometers. Its imposing main gate Janganmun comprises a large arched granite entrance and a broad passage for the king? palanquin. In front of the gate are a semi-circular bastion wall and two protruding battlements serving as protective facilities. The semi-circular wall prevents the enemy forces from looking inside the fortress and makes it hard to break into the gate.

Walking along the wall to the east from Janganmun Gate, one encounters the floodgate Hwahongmun erected over Suwoncheon Stream. On the hill at the back is Banghwasuryujeong Pavilion with its unique roof. The pavilion commands a view so beautiful that it inspires poetic feelings.
The fortress walls consist of the body and the battlements. A close look at the crenels shows that their angles vary according to the desired shooting ranges.
On top of the ramparts are square bastions at 100 meter intervals. These protruding structures were used to attack from the sides the enemy combatants approaching the ramparts. The bastions equipped with cannons are called poru those with the structures obstructing the view of enemy forces, also called poru with different Chinese characters; and those at the four corners, gangnu. Other protective facilities include the observation tower called gongsimdon(Tower with empty interior") in which soldiers would fire the cannons through the wall holes.
Walking toward the southern main gate Paldalmun from the northeastern observation tower, a beacon tower comes into a view. The granite-floored beacon tower made of black bricks harmonizes beautifully with the gracefully curved beacon mounds.
Paldalmun, reflecting wishes for a prosperous country
